Former FIFA Powerbroker Warner Banned for Life

 Trinidadian Jack Warner, once one of the most powerful men in football, has been banned from all football-related activities for life, the ethics committee of world governing body FIFA said on Tuesday.

Warner, 72, was one of 14 football officials and sports marketing executives who were indicted in the United States on May 27 on bribery, money laundering and wire fraud charges involving more than $150 million in payments.

In the latest twist in the corruption scandal, Swiss authorities said last week they were investigating FIFA President Sepp Blatter on suspicion of criminal mismanagement and misappropriation of funds.

The FIFA ethics committee said Warner was investigated following an inquiry into the bidding process for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.

The tournaments were awarded to Russia and Qatar respectively in December 2010 by the FIFA executive committee, of which Warner was a member.

Warner was found to have committed “many and various acts of misconduct continuously and repeatedly during his time as an official in different high-ranking and influential positions at FIFA and CONCACAF,” the committee said Warner is the former president of CONCACAF, the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football.

He is currently in his native Trinidad and Tobago, where he is fighting extradition to the United States.

Warner resigned from his posts when he was placed under investigation by the ethics committee in 2011 over a cash-for-votes scandal in the run-up to that year's FIFA presidential election.

The case was subsequently dropped by the ethics committee as he was no longer involved in football.

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Horse Owners can Manage Flies with Wasps instead of Pesticides

One fly-management method that is gaining ground is the use of wasps that are parasitoids of fly pupae. The female wasp inserts eggs into the fly puparium, and when the egg hatches, the wasp larva eats the fly pupa.

The authors conducted research on two wasp species that are sold commercially to see what type of manure they preferred.

"In the lab, we found that the Muscidifurax species we tested preferred bovine manure, and the Spalangia species preferred equine manure, so there seems to be some sort of differentiation there, which could impact control on a farm," said Erika Machtinger, one of the authors.

Because of this preference, according to the authors, the ability to identify fly species is important so the correct wasp parasitoid can be used. The authors also provide other advice regarding when the wasps should be released, how often they should be released, and how many should be released.

"This is a really good article, and very useful in pointing out some directions, and things that need to be addressed," said University of Kentucky extension entomologist Lee Townsend, who was not involved with the study. "The importance is high because people are looking for effective fly control. But they're also looking for sustainable ways to do that, particularly those that avoid excessive insecticide use."

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Ice Samples provide Clues to Past, Future Climate Change

They have also found that increased levels of dust were being deposited during warmer periods when the Arctic Oscillation -- changes in the prevailing wind direction centered on the Atlantic -- was at its strongest.

The scientists carried out their research by studying two ice-cores collected from ice-caps more than 6000km apart, one from Greenland, the other from Kamchatka, in eastern Russia. Ice cores have revolutionized the study of past climates because of the array of evidence that they preserve, including trapped bubbles of gas such as carbon dioxide and methane. However this is the first time that scientists have used organic molecules originating from terrestrial plants, soils and biomass burning to study past climate change recorded by ice-cores. Deposits can be dated very accurately by studying the annual layers within the cores -- similar to tree rings -- which allow scientists to examine deposits going back many years.

Studying meteorological records over the last 450 years, the researchers found that the concentrations of the organic dust were at their highest during periods when the Arctic Oscillation was stronger.

Dr James Bendle, lead investigator from the University of Birmingham's School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, said: 'We are applying a new type of measurement to ice cores for the first time, and have successfully obtained information on past climate change from measurement of organic biomarkers in the cores -- molecules from plants and soils -- which have been transported thousands of miles by the wind to the Greenland and Kamchatka ice-caps where the cores are extracted from. The similarity of the ice core records is remarkable considering the geographical separation between the two sites. This gives us confidence that our records represent broad scale changes in the northern Hemisphere and not just local factors.

'Climate models predict that the Arctic Oscillation will increasingly move into its positive mode of wetter and windier weather in the North as a response to increases in greenhouse gases and global warming. If this is the case, our research suggests that there could be increased transport of dust and carbonaceous aerosols to the Arctic. As these organic-rich dusts are dark in colour, they could start to lower the reflectance of the snow and ice covered surfaces in the Arctic, leading to an even warmer regional climate.

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Indian PM Modi Makes Rock Star Appearance at Facebook

Standing side-by-side with Mark Zuckerberg, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi made a rock star appearance at Facebook on Sunday, advocating for the political power of social media.

An invitation-only audience jumped to its feet, cheering and snapping photos as Modi strode into a sun-splashed courtyard with Zuckerberg ─ sporting a jacket and tie for the occasion, in a sartorial about-face for the typically casual campus.

"To leaders all over the world; you are not going to gain by running away from social media," said the tech-savvy premier during a town hall-style question and answer session.

"The strength of social media today is that it can tell governments where they are going wrong and give them an opportunity to do a course correction."

"You will gain from joining it. You need real time information," said the 65-year-old Modi, who has 30 million fans on Facebook and tweets multiple times a day.

Modi used the hour-long session to promote his Digital India drive and promote the country as a place worthy of tourists, investments, and entrepreneurs with visions of disruptive technology start-ups.

Choked up with emotion

But he also shared some candid moments with Zuckerberg, who told of finding inspiration to persevere with Facebook during a journey to India while Modi himself choked up while speaking of his mother.

Zuckerberg pointed out his parents in the audience before asking Modi about his own mother. Modi's mother is more than 90 years old, and his father is no longer living.

The prime minister recounted coming from a poor family, selling tea at a rail station as a boy.

"It is hard to imagine that a tea seller has actually become the leader of the world's biggest democracy," Modi said.

"When we were small, what we used to do to get by," he continued, pausing at times to recompose himself. "We used to go to neighbours houses, clean dishes, fill water, and do hard chores. You can imagine what a mother had to do to raise her children."

In the steps of Steve Jobs

Zuckerberg, meanwhile, opened the chat by telling of a time, about a decade ago, when Facebook was going through a "rough patch" and there were thoughts of selling the startup.

He said he visited one of his mentors, late Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who told him to travel to a certain temple in India.

"I went, and travelled for almost a month," Zuckerberg recounted. "Seeing the people and how people connected, reinforced what we were doing and is something I've always remembered."

Points touched on by Modi during the exchange included the hope of connecting all of India's villages to the Internet with fiber optic cable, and the mighty challenge of attaining equality for women in India.

"If we want to achieve our economic goals, we cannot do that if we imprison 50 per cent of our population inside their houses," he said in answer to a question.

"We have to achieve one thing; to bring women into decision making," said Modi, who playfully noted that while most religions portray deities as male, India has no shortage of goddesses.

Google Internet on rails Modi's stop at Facebook was part of a tour of Silicon Valley, ahead of the United Nations General Assembly where he will meet United States President Barack Obama on Monday.

Late Sunday, he was later to star at an event attended by some 18,000 people in a convention centre in the city of San Jose in Silicon Valley.

It is the first time since 1982 that a prime minister of India has visited the West Coast of the United States.

Modi also visited Google's main campus in nearby Mountain View, where he and Google announced a collaboration to provide wireless Internet at railway stations in India, with a goal of connecting 500 by the end of next year.

"Just like I did years ago, thousands of young Indians walk through Chennai Central every day, eager to learn, to explore and to seek opportunity," India-born Google chief executive Sundar Pichai said in a blog post. "It's my hope that this Wi-Fi project will make all these things a little easier."

Nearly one billion people in India don't have access to the Internet, according to Pichai.

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University Education is Important in Today’s Society

Knowledge is the most essential part in one’s life and every person has right to gain knowledge. University or college is the place where the students get chance of learning and leading their way of life successfully. The education provided in universities is mainly significant for every student for better growth and prosperous future. Many people say that universities focus only on preparing the graduates for better jobs; others say that universities studies can benefit widely the individual and the society in which they live. Many people have different views about the various studies and subjects offered in colleges and universities. University education focus to prepare students for three reasons; achieving successful career path, gaining knowledge and self-improvement.

University education provides path for every individual to develop career according to their own will. It provides students useful skills and way of living for having a good job in future. Students get admission in various departments in Universities, they are much engaged in studying activities in they learn about their field of interests. Students are able to excel their knowledge by studying and researching through various sources in university such as library, developments programs, research projects, theoretical case studies etc. In spite of this, professors and lecturers of respective departments play a lead role in engaging students in such activities which help them to present the best outcome of the tasks assigned by using their abilities.

Secondly, University education not only helps the students to achieve better jobs in market but also develop interpersonal skills in them. Moreover, Students are welcome to explore their talents in any field of interests by participating in various social activities such as sports, exhibitions, festivals, semester projects, educational trainings and seminars etc. Department faculty members also cooperate students and societies by bringing professional people in the Universities and allow them to share the experiences of life. Lecturers and professors set the defined criteria on examination on the basis of which students are awarded grades according to their performance. The students with the higher grades are then awarded with medals and certificates. These tributes on merit definitely improve character building and professional growth. In addition to that, University play vital role in preparing students who lacks confidence during the initial periods at university. College students get variety of circumstances to socialize, make new groups, communicate interests, encounter people of different culture and adopt best way of standard living. Moreover, these activities encourage students and they can easily boost their careers.

On the other hand, University or college education has some disadvantage that it is quite expensive. Mostly private sector universities have expensive 4 year bachelors program which is not affordable for parents to continue education for their children. Despite the fact university education is expensive, but its benefits are enormous and immeasurable. Students after graduating from different departments are offered with competitive salary and benefits. Most importantly, they enhance skills in practical life such as problem solving, decision making. Parents should make all means to study their children.

According to the research conducted by United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, it was concluded that student who obtained a 4 year bachelor degree makes more money than a person who had never obtained a university degree. Therefore, it is necessary for every individual to study at university level to cope up tough challenges of life and make future bright.

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Anemia Classification

Anemia

Decrease in hemoglobin concentration according to age, sex, built and location is called Anemia. Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood. The several kinds of anemia are produced by a variety of underlying causes. It can be classified in a variety of ways including etiology of disease and based on the morphology of RBCs.

Classification of Anemia

Morphological Approach

Red blood cell size:

In the morphological approach, anemia is classified by the size of red blood cells; this is either done automatically or on microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear. The size is reflected in the mean cell volume (MCV).

If the cells are smaller than normal (under 80 fl), the anemia is said to be microcytic if they are normal size (80–101 fl), normocytic and if they are larger than normal (over 101 fl), the anemia is classified as macrocytic.

This scheme quickly exposes some of the most common causes of anemia for example, a microcytic anemia is often the result of iron deficiency. Limitations of MCV include cases where the underlying cause is due to a combination of factors - such as iron deficiency (a cause of microcytosis) and vitamin B12 deficiency (a cause of macrocytosis) where the net result can be normocytic cells.

Microcytic Anemia:

If the MCV value is less than 80fl the type of anemia is called as Microcytic Anemia.

Microcytic anemia is primarily a result of hemoglobin synthesis failure or insufficient production, which could be caused by several etiologies include

·         Heme synthesis defect

·         Iron deficiency anemia 

·         Anemia of chronic disease (more commonly presenting as normocytic anemia but may rarely appear as microcytic)

·         Globin synthesis defect

·         Alpha-thalassemia

·         Beta-thalassemia

·         HbE syndrome (Rare condition)

·         HbC syndrome (Rare condition)

·         Sideroblastic defect

·         Hereditary sideroblastic anemia

·         Acquired sideroblastic anemia, including lead toxicity

Macrocytic Anemia

If the MCV value is more than 101fl the type of anemia is called as Macrocytic Anemia. Macrocytic anemia can be further divided into "Megaloblastic Anemia" or "Non Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia".

Megaloblastic Anemia

·         Megaloblastic anemia, the most common cause of macrocytic anemia, is due to a deficiency of either vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, or both. Deficiency in folate and/or vitamin B₁₂ can be due to either inadequate intake or insufficient absorption.

·         Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor (IF), which is required to absorb vitamin _B12 from food. A lack of intrinsic factor may arise from an autoimmune condition targeting the parietal cells (atrophic gastritis) that produce intrinsic factor or against intrinsic factor itself. These lead to poor absorption of vitamin _B12.

Non Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia

• Hypothyroidism
• Alcoholism 
• Liver disease 
• Drugs such as Methotrexate, zidovudine, and other substances may inhibit DNA replication such as heavy metals (e.g. Lead)

                                   

Normocytic Anemia:

Normocytic anemia occurs when the overall hemoglobin levels are decreased, but the red blood cell size (mean corpuscular volume) remains normal. Causes include:

·         Acute blood loss

·         Anemia of chronic disease

·         Aplastic anemia (bone marrow failure)

·         Hemolytic anemia

Dimorphic Anemia

A dimorphic appearance on a peripheral blood smear occurs when there are two simultaneous populations of red blood cells, typically of different size and hemoglobin content. For example, a person recently transfused for iron deficiency would have small, pale, iron deficient red blood cells (RBCs) and the donor RBCs of normal size and color. Similarly, a person transfused for severe folate or vitamin B12 deficiency would have two cell populations, but, in this case, the patient's RBCs would be larger and paler than the donor's RBCs. Evidence for multiple causes appears with an elevated RBC distribution width (RDW), indicating a wider-than-normal range of red cell sizes.

Classification of Anemia on the basis of etiology (Cause)

1.      Decrease Production

·         Pure red cell aplasia

·         Aplastic anemia

·         Anemia of renal failure by insufficient erythropoietin production

·         Pernicious anemia

·         Anemia of folic acid deficiency and with vitamin B₁₂, causes megaloblastic anemia

·         Iron deficiency anemia, resulting in deficient heme synthesis

·         Thalassemias, causing deficient globin synthesis

·         Myelodysplastic syndrome

Increased Destruction

Anemias of increased red blood cell destruction are generally classified as hemolytic anemias. These are generally featuring jaundice and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.

·         Hereditary spherocytosis

·         Hereditary elliptocytosis

• Enzyme deficiencies
• Pyruvate kinase and hexokinase deficiencies causing defect glycolysis
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G₆PD) deficiency and glutathione synthetase deficiency causing increased oxidative stress
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Sickle cell anemia
• Hemoglobinopathies causing unstable hemoglobins
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

·         Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

·         Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia

·         Infections including malaria

·         Hemodialysis

Blood loss

·         Accidents

·         Surgery

·         Gastro intestinal tract bleeding

·         Heavy menstruation

General signs and symptoms of anemia

Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of weakness, or fatigue, and sometimes poor concentration. They may also report dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion. In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output.

On examination, the signs exhibit pallor (pale skin, mucosal linings, conjunctiva and nail beds). There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency), jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells — in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major)

In severe anemia, there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a fast heart rate).

Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced scholastic performance in children of school age. Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron-deficiency anemia.

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Disadvantages of Soft Drink

 

Fizzy Drink, Beverages are the drinks in which carbon dioxide is present. It makes a hard and it’s sealed very tightly. In the world, these drinks are common. Everyone drinks it, some drinks it regularly, some occasionally and some of the intelligent people never drink. In every occasion, program, hangouts, this drink is important for everyone. According to the people’s mind, it refreshes them. The gas of it refreshes the brains. The biggest fizzy drinks factories are of Coke and Pepsi. Many flavors are introduced and it is sold all over the world in bulk. But is it really very helpful for us because people say that it energizes them?

Well, 100 face 100 talks. Obviously, it is harmful for our health. Carbon dioxide is harmful for us and when we drink it the gas which makes the drink tasty enters in our stomach from which our liver and kidney fails to work properly. How can it energize a person? It never gives you any nutrients or vitamins. It’s just like that, the gas of the drink is so hard that our body system gives a quick message to our brain and because of it a person becomes ready. It is really very harmful. Recently, my cousin suffered from kidney stone. It was really very painful. Doctor operated her and still he’s in a hard pain. The reason of her illness was drinking this drink regularly. I know the addiction of it, but at least think before you drink. Think that what will happen if you also suffer from different type of illness. This drink contains artificial flavor and carbonated water. Means every bit of drop is made up of chemicals. Now you will realize how dangerous it is. Nowadays, these soft drinks are also available in different cans, plastic bottles and in glass bottles. Now another disgusting story of these drinks. The glass bottles, in which you drink, are always recycled. Means once you drink from it, you return it back to the shopkeeper and he puts that bottle into a crate. Then, those crates are sent to the factory and they wash it and again those bottles fill and come in the market. The researchers of Sheffield University investigated that it damages our DNA and hyperactivity. Americans introduced it and they as well wrote many articles on it from which the different companies of soft drinks criticized it. The substances present in the drinks are negative for health. It is also very harmful for our teeth. It contains much type of sugars like fructose, sucrose etc, and this are a logical thing that sugar weakens your teeth root. It is also dangerous for human health because it finishes the milk present in your body from which bones can’t get their calcium. Intelligent countries like France and Japan once banned this soft drink in 1960s. Especially Cola drinks like Pepsi and Coke which are the most dangerous drink I have ever found. In 2006, a pest was found from a drink of a kid. These drinks are so unsafe. There are many harmful cases happened but they issue some ads every time and again the business of these drinks starts.

We have to observe on the harmful effects of these drinks. They can increase our risk of cancer as well. Even scientist you know everything about chemicalsm they also said to ban the soft drink, because of it 180,000+ adults dies every year. If you want to drink, have it but in small liters like 1 liter in a week. They always increase the risk of our heart disease. They are the important body parts of ours. This is a trust from God to us. They also lead us to diabetes and can cause liver damage. Our personal parts are also damages because of it. The growth of our white cells also decreases from which our strength becomes weak. Must read about it and you yourself will found that what disease and poison we drink every day.

 

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Jobs in Dubai

 

Dubai, a place of best business where every businessman is involved. It is so because every big and famous hotels are present there. No doubt, people of every country visits there for a fair and enjoyable tour. It’s airport is the most busiest airport in the world. They have every type of work, either it is of peon or of manager. Different types of jobs are present in Dubai. From every country, people come Dubai for their jobs. Though, their currency is not higher as compare to Saudi and Kuwait but still everyone visits there for the jobs. They just want to go there and wants to never come back form that place.

Now why is that so? You know Burj Ul Khalifa? Well, now everyone knows about this lovely architect. This is present in Dubai. World’s tallest building in the world. Then, what they will do? Are they let that building go rough? Well no! For that they need a good employment staff. Employers who are qualified and well experienced. Not only this, but it is the trade city of the Emirates. Every business of Japan, China, and America invests on the buildings and creations of Dubai because they all know that in return they will get a fair profit. Every company needs every type of employer. Around 25% of Pakistanis go there for their income problems. Meaning to say that, they do laboring, they do different and the earning there is, simply awesome. In short we can say that it is a business country with a high type of business. Mostly Asian people visits Dubai. They offer a good salary. There are only contract jobs for Asian people. Like, everyone do jobs their on contracts. Different type of contracts, some are of a year, some are of 2-5 years contract. Mostly the staff of every Dubai Company is full of Asian people. Even the peons there are Asians. It is so because the heads of the companies appoints every qualified people and Asian workers are talented as well. Every country has its expertise. Like in Spain, Russia they appoint computer programmers, but in Dubai everyone’s scopes are high. Like Dubai appoints every worker. Companies of Dubai are in real need of different engineers. You can estimate their development by daily inventions. High type of transportation, great busy airport, hospitals of real care everyone is in real need of the workers.

Not only had this but they created websites for online jobs as well. People from Europe also do work online. In this way they also did with their works as well as increase of development. Different jobs give you different comfort. Mostly Asians work there for more than 9 hours, and the impression of Asians there means hard work. They work in a resting mode and mostly they earn a lot. They also provide them Visas with cars as well. Not only this but Dubai is that’s why famous for business everyone there can do jobs but with hard work.

 

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Agri package: Old Wine in New Bottle

 

The agriculture sector — which contributes over 21pc to the country’s GDP, employs 45pc of the national labour force, makes up around 60pc of our exports and yet fails to meet its targets — deserved a big push.

Agricultural growth has been moving in a narrow band of 1.8-3.5pc over the last decade.

For the current fiscal, the government is expecting it to improve by 3.9pc to help boost the GDP growth rate to 5.5pc.

Ahead of local government polls in two major commodity-producing provinces (Punjab and Sindh) in two weeks time, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a Rs341bn relief package for the farm sector to facilitate its revival.

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Even finance ministry officials acknowledge that the numbers had been jacked up to Rs341bn by putting many past and future plans together

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The package has attracted political criticism from opponents, who have termed it the ‘biggest pre-poll rigging’. Yet only a few have noticed that most of the measures announced by the prime minister at the farmers’ convention last week had already been announced by his finance minister in his two consecutive budget speeches for 2014-15 and 2015-16.

Sadly, a large number of these initiatives remained unimplemented for the two years. In fact, this was also acknowledged by Finance Minister Ishaq Dar in his 2015-16 budget speech.

“Despite the resource constraints and the gigantic economic challenges, out of 34 new initiatives announced in the previous budget, 20 have been fully implemented while the work on the remaining is continuing,” he had reported to the parliament this June.

Even those in the finance ministry acknowledge that the numbers had been jacked up to Rs341bn by putting many past and future plans together and that they would come down to a pittance when seen in the context of the number of beneficiaries.

They point out that even if budgetary provisions for the current fiscal were taken into account, the total package announced by the prime minister would amount to Rs85bn spread over four categories.

This includes a direct cash support of Rs5,000 per acre to all cotton farmers with ownership/cultivation of an area of less than 12.5 acres. The subsidy will be shared by the federal and provincial governments on a 50/50 basis. It will cost Rs20bn and the food ministry is already consulting the provinces over the disbursement procedure.

Another Rs20bn worth of direct cash support — Rs5,000 per acre — is for all rice farmers with holding sizes of less than 12.5 acres, with the cost to be equally shared by the federal and provincial governments. Over the past three months, the provincial and federal governments have been working on its disbursement modalities.

The second portion of the package relates to reducing the cost of production, with an estimated expenditure of Rs45bn. Of this, Rs20bn has been allocated for the creation of a fund (with equal contribution by the federal and provincial governments) to provide DAP fertiliser to farmers on reduced rates as a one-time intervention.

The ministries of food and industries and production are still working on its implementation mechanism. This would provide Rs500 per bag subsidy on the imported product, which would be distributed through the National Fertiliser Marketing Ltd. The cost of a DAP bag is around Rs5,000. How many farmers benefit from this will need to be seen.

Also, Rs25bn has already been budgeted by the federal government to provide subsidised imported urea to farmers. The Trading Corporation of Pakistan had been authorised a couple of months ago to import the fertiliser and three tenders of 150,000 tonnes of urea have already been floated, with one ship having arrived and two on their way.

Here, too, the Saudi facility for fertiliser support seems to be already on a declining mode and the quantities would need to be procured from the open market. Its distribution mechanism also needs to be overhauled so that farmers in the field get the benefit instead of a few influential landlords or middlemen.

While the government has focused on cotton and rice, the long-term policy problems have mostly remained unaddressed. The country has substantially higher surplus stocks of rice and wheat but is finding it really hard to get international buyers in view of the price disadvantage. Over Rs100bn are reported to be stuck up in these stocks, without any tangible solution to liquidate them.

The higher support price for wheat (at around Rs1,300 per 40kg) has offered little benefit to the farmers, who have been finding it hard to get a miller to buy the produce even at Rs1,100 as international prices have stayed below local prices.

A major part of the package — worth over Rs185bn — involves loans to be extended by the Zarai Taraqqiati Bank Ltd to landholders with less than 12.5 acres of land and would benefit around 60,000 farmers. But the specialised bank is charging mark-up as any other scheduled bank.

Interestingly, a few major schemes, like the credit guarantee scheme for small and marginalised famers, insurance schemes for crop loans and livestock, and the agriculture credit scheme were announced by the finance minister in his 2014-15 budget speech. These were then repeated in the 2015-16 budget speech, with the addition of a scheme for interest-free loans for solar tube-wells. These have now again been announced by the prime minister.

Similarly, the flat electricity tariff of Rs10.35 per unit for agricultural tube-wells was announced and signed by Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif in Islamabad last year; this was again repeated by the prime minister

 

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