Fast Food and Our Health

Fast Food, which is made outside mostly the food introduced by Italy etc. Fast Food is basically a meal and nowadays people are interested to buy it. On every street Fast Food’s outlet and shops are opened. However, it is dangerous to our health. But how it is dangerous and why we just not go closer to it?

So according to the doctors, if you eat Fast Food on daily basis and forget the meal made in your homes then it passes by our oesophagus and reach to our stomach from which there are many alerts for Food Poisoning. It destroys your intestine, because the oil and ingredients are so heavy that it disturbs your digestive system really very easily and by this disturbance you always way towards Washroom.

So, Fast Food is nowadays very common food in our life. But why? Because of the taste of it, and the aroma which makes everyone pleasant and this is true. In European Countries almost every day they have Fast Foods and they eat it like wilds. The great outlets for Fast Foods like McDonald, KFC, Hardees, and Burger King etc. who made it more delicious. Not only you and European people, I as well addicted to the Fast Foods. Nowadays, some companies start introducing the ready-made Kebabs, Fries, and Hotdogs etc. These are same as you will find in Fast Food. So, with the technology everything is running fast. Fast Food a junk food which is expensive but still people runs towards it. The funny thing is that, when we ask from anyone that you want to have, a vegetable or Fast Food? The answer will always be the same that is Fast Food. The common things of the Fast Foods are now available in our homes as well. But we never try to make it on our homes, we just go out and give big amount and eat it. If the same thing we made in our homes then it will be healthier and tastier. But laziness is at its peak, that if people want to fresh there meals, they just turn on the Microwaves and put it, in it and that’s what they like to work. These are the delicious meals no doubt but not healthy. The biggest problem of eating this fast food daily is that it increases your fats so fast that you start weeping by observing your health. The whole look of the body destroys because of it. I have an example that a man who was so slim and had a muscular type of body but his weakness was Fast Food. He ate it every week. As the day passes, he turned into a pot belly man and this was because of the Fast foods.

You have it but not every day. It is better to eat it occasionally. It is harmful because the oil in it is really very strong plus it is made up of Chicken and Meat. And animal food owns very fats after frying. But people don’t care about their fatty belly; they just want to eat the yummiest fast food of the town and the shops of the Fast Food also introducing awesome deals day by day in which many fast foods added so this is the biggest attraction for them. A man becomes lazy then and harmful disease attacks them. So we have to control ourselves so that we can make a long distance. Eat it but only occasionally and if you have to attend many occasions then control yourself and just think about your health.

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Tips to Get Job Easily in Dubai

Dubai, a place where talented Asians are present. From Pakistan, 30% of workers visits there for searching the jobs. Most of the people gets job there and some have to do hard work for their jobs. You can’t do a business with your jobs. Everyone go there on Visit Visa, which span is 3 months and in those 3 months they succeed and get done with the searching of job. Meaning to say is that the workers, visits there, can easily find the jobs. It is so because of the early development. They develop so early that they become a successful Arab and Asian country as well. For handling, they need 1000s of workers through which they can work fast. In every sector, they hire 1000s of workers. Great thing is that in most of the sectors they need every type of profession either it is a Peon or Engineer. But the people who are new there, sometimes they are unable to find a good and easy job. In that case, they has also created a good platform for searching. Websites, Online Applying and through references of the people many workers can find their deserving jobs. Sometimes the situation became harder for a person that he studied in so highly paid institute whose rating is really very high but they can’t find the jobs which they deserve.

In that case, the usage of these ways are very important.

In Dubai, you can get job from many ways. The first priority for the people is to get jobs by someone’s reference. If someone’s relative, friend or colleague is present in Dubai his guidance or straight forward, people gets the job easily. They work in different companies for years and they knows the market very well so by the guidance of them workers get the job easily. Excluding it, there are many ways. Another best way in this modern era is applying online. If some company’s website provides you an email address, you can send your C.V there easily. If he will be interested then surely you will be the part of that place. Another similar to it is, applying online by registration. 

In Dubai and for Dubai, people built many websites in which 3000+ vacancies are present. It helps you in contacting different type of companies. If any company accepted your proposal then the websites ask you for some money for registration. The ones who are in actual need only they go for this procedure. Some of the people visits every company of Dubai daily for applying. But mostly people prefer for websites. Like applying online. Apply online on many websites like, Jobdrizzle.com etc. You can write jobs in Dubai on Google and then many links will be provided to you. People gets jobs easily and sometimes harder to find. But the best thing is that every scope is high there.

So from my point of view, you can get jobs easily by these ways. There will be some other ways as well but I don’t know about them. What I heard is only this. You can find the jobs only when you are fully confident person. You can only find when you are in need. The ones who just apply in some areas, they gets jobs by their lucks. There are most of the people who applied in 100s of websites but can’t find a proper job.

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Scarf Summer’s Fashion or Winter’s Need

Scarf is a protecting head wear which is in different color or cloth materials. Scarf fabric is change with the change of weather. In winter girls used woolen or warm thread made scarf but in summer they are mostly used cotton fabric for scarf. Scarf is a fashion oriented thing for many people it change look at the spot without using makeup or high price accessory. It is also a religious symbol for Muslim ladies. Muslim family’s girls or ladies cover their head with scarfs or dupatas.

Scarf’s trend is started from Rome and people use it for wipe the sweat from neck and face in hot summer. In start it is the need for people but times change many things with their usage. History shows that it is basically started for men but women carry it in their fashion. In 20th century scarf is a versatile and essential accessory for men and women.

In desert or those dustier areas all citizen wear scarf to protect their hairs, nose or eyes from dust.

In desert or those dustier areas all citizen wear scarf to protect their hairs, nose or eyes from dust. In Muslim houses, on the birth of girl every family must buy scarf for her gift in any stage of her life because we think scarf not only protect our hair from sand or dust it also cover our beauty from the men’s eye. Girl child look too innocent and beautiful in scarf. Before reading the Quran girls carry scarf tightly and read the Quran (the holy book of Allah). In prayers or Salat Muslim girl or lady cover their head with scarf.

In Muslim countries all the school, college or university girls wear scarf or in that institute female teachers are also look in scarf or abaya as a dress coat. Muslim ladies shopping in malls, grocery shops or in offices…. No matter where they are they must cover their head with scarf.

For head or hair protection every girl wants to wear scarf. Without any religious boundary scarf is in fashion now. Non-Muslims also wear scarfs in summer for save their head from the heat of sun and they wear it winter to warm their head and ears from the sharp cold wind. In professional attitudes when women want that no one can disturb them even a single hair then they tie a scarf. Some non-muslim ladies use scarf just around the neck, some are carry it on just hair or some tie it as a round thread.

Without any religious boundary scarf is in fashion now.

Scarf prints and colors are most eyes catching for girls and ladies. Girls buy that scarf which is in cool colors like in summer they wear brown, white, Sky blue, green or red shaded scarf but avoid to black scarf. Muslim bridals are now order their matching scarf with lahnga or bridal dress they look elegant and clean. Girls buy embroidery scarf for party wear and simple printed scarf for casual wear.

Experts says that cotton fiber is the right material for scarf in summer. Scarf protect you from sun burning or sun tanning. Who drive motorcycles or walk a lot daily must wear scarf from protecting UV sun rays. In west peoples carry hat with scarf to protect their skin from cancer.

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Unlocking Secrets of How Fossils Form

When most organisms die, they biodegrade and leave little behind. But if they get trapped in sediments that harbor few bacteria and loads of dissolved minerals, they can become fossilized and preserved for millions of years. Scientists use a variety of techniques on the ancient specimens to determine details about lifestyles and diets, as well as information about the geographical distribution of the creatures. One of those methods called scanning electron microscopy, or SEM, showed particular promise for revealing new information about fossils. So Amauri J. Paula and colleagues expanded on this method.

The researchers used a large-field SEM approach to analyze a shrimp fossil from the Araripe Basin, a place in northeastern Brazil known among paleontologists as a treasure trove of flying pterosaur remains. The shrimp specimen dates back to the Cretaceous period, when dinosaurs still roamed the planet. The technique provided evidence for the first time that a rare fossilization process occurred in the basin. It also showed that the fossil over millions of years developed a surprising fractal characteristic -- a still-unexplained, repeating pattern most commonly recognized in snowflakes but also found in structures as large as spiral galaxies.

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Depressing Mood and Health

Depressed human and his life, the world’s most hurting life anyone can have. It is not any illness or any disease but it is the game of your feelings from which many hurting moments can take place. Everyone wants a happy and contented life but there are some unlucky people who always live in a hut of sadness. One act only and the whole life disturb. That’s why everyone want to go back to their childhoods because the punches of the teenage till old life is so hurting that no one wants to face it. Childhood is a very peaceful life. Kid eats, sleeps and play. Everyone loves them. But when a kid start growing up, he himself believes that childhood was perfect and then he cry aloud that why I prayed that I grow up fast. There are many hurting situations in which a man or woman can’t handle themselves.

Depressed people’s best friend is Isolation. They don’t want to leave alone but there fate is so hurting that they push themselves in an empty cage where no one exists. There are many reasons by which a human gets disturbs. Mostly, people become depressed because of their lovers. They start planning to destroy themselves but cutting their veins and many things. This is their mentality and this is the way they show their love and affection to his/her lovers. Many people quit their lives by hanging themselves with the support of fan. Some people fail to pass there exams, some have the problems in there relations, some of the people is depressed because of their financial problems, there are many condition from which a man becomes sad. People never want to doom into the sea of destruction but some type of problems are so hurting that our heart and feelings start fighting with them and when any heart or feeling involve then the result will always negative. Drugs and medicines and pills, people start buying these items and because of it they start decreasing their lifespan. This is the most horrible condition of a man. Especially, a woman can’t control themselves because they are weak. A man can control by performing different type of activities. But a woman cannot because if they find any activity they always think and compare their depressing condition with the activity. This is the most devastating moment of the life. None of the medicine can help for this problem. Only some great and polite words from anyone can recover it. Depressing people laughs slowly, sleep long eat less, and they find an activity in which they always involve. Weakness starts from depressing feeling. He or She starts cry and can’t tell anyone that what’s going on in his/her life. Depressed people can’t control themselves.

We have to be strong enough to fight with every difficulty of our life. Whatever we face every day we have to make solutions on them. In our life, there’s one thing from which got affected and we can’t move on because if that. But, always we have to pray Allah and think that it was written in our fate that’s why it happened. We have to never give up. We have to make our new life if your vision becomes blurring. The best way to forget everything is Sujood. A Sajda for Allah. He always helps you and you yourself find the way better. Whatever we face daily it is for sometime, and then this world will end. Just think positive and everything will become easier for you.

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A Nawaz-Modi smile and wave create a new kind of controversy

UNITED NATIONS: The meeting everybody wanted did not happen. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi left for home without meeting his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif.

The two leaders lived in the same hotel --- the Waldorf Astoria --- during the 70th UN General Assembly. Twice, they shared a room and used the same podium to address a summit meeting but they did not meet or talk.

Like quarrelsome neighbors forced to acknowledge each other, the two prime ministers, however, did wave and smile at each other. This happened at the UN peacekeeping summit on Monday afternoon. But even this half-friendly gesture generated another controversy: who blinked first?

“India wins again. The Pakistani prime minister was the first to wave,” claimed the Indian media while the two leaders were still in the meeting room.

“No, he did not,” shouted a journalist in the Pakistani media room at the nearby Roosevelt Hotel. And then both sides got glued to their TV screens, watching replays in slow motion to claim a point in this game of chicken.

“Does it really matter?” asked Maleeha Lodhi, Pakistan’s ambassador to the United Nations, after a half-hour “who-was-the-first” debate at an evening news briefing. “All that matters is that the two leaders waved and smiled at each other,” said Pakistan’s Foreign Secretary Aizaz Chaudhry.

This is how this ‘non-event’ happened at the Leaders’ Summit on Peacekeeping, hosted jointly by the US, Pakistan and others: Mr. Modi walked into the conference hall first and took his seat on the right side of the horseshoe table there. Mr. Sharif followed and took his seat right across Mr. Modi on the left side of the table. Both pretended not to have noticed each other.

Just minutes before the programme began, Mr. Sharif waved at Mr. Modi. Yes, he was the first to show his positive mindset, persuading the Indian leader to respond.

Mr. Modi smiled back and waved too. After a brief pause, Mr. Modi waved again to Mr. Sharif, who smiled back and nodded his head.

Now, who was the winner? Perhaps none or both, but that was not good enough for the media who continued to debate who won. Apparently handicapped by their over-zealous media, the two leaders avoided further display of affection for each other.

They made no attempt to interact. They entered the room just minutes before the summit began and took their seats. To avoid a face-to-face situation, the two leaders did not walk about to meet or greet others, as some other leaders did.

But they did clap at the end of each other’s speech.

Since Mr. Sharif was a co-host, a fact not mentioned by the Indian media, he shared the table with other hosts, US President Barack Obama, Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and leaders from Rwanda and Ethiopia.

Mr. Modi sat with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and leaders from France and Indonesia.

The Indian and Pakistani prime ministers spent about 90 minutes in the conference room and Mr. Modi was the first to leave, immediately after addressing the summit. He did not walk up to any leader to shake hands. Mr. Sharif left the room soon after Mr. Modi.

Mr. Modi flew back to India on Monday night after concluding his two-nation tour of Ireland and the US.

Prime Minister Sharif is still in New York and will return home on Wednesday after addressing the UN General Assembly

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Why Some People Have Dangerous Food Allergies

Reporting their study data Sept. 22 in the journal Immunity, scientists at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center say their findings in mice should also provide insights into new therapeutic strategies and diagnostics for food allergies and anaphylactic shock triggered by the immune antibody IgE (immunoglobulin E).

The authors report discovery of what they call "IL-9-producing mucosal mast cells" or (MMC9 cells). The cells produce large amounts of an inflammatory immune protein called interlukin 9 (IL-9), which amplifies anaphylactic shock in response to ingested food. Prior to this study, the primary cellular source of IL-9 was unknown, according to the authors.

"Our study suggests that although you need to have some level of IgE to trigger a food allergy response, you also have to produce MMC9 cells to get a severe response and anaphylaxis," says Yui-Hsi Wang, PhD, lead investigator and a researcher in the Division of Allergy and Immunology at Cincinnati Children's. "Without these cells you will not get severe food allergies."

Set off by certain foods like peanuts, shell fish and a host of others, IgE-associated food sensitivity prompts the immune systems of some children to surge out of control. Unless there is immediate medical intervention, this can trigger a molecular chain reaction in the intestines and other organs -- leading to diarrhea, hypothermia, respiratory distress and shock.

About 40 percent of children have some IgE-associated food sensitivity, but only 8 percent of the 40 percent develop the severe food reactions that can lead to anaphylactic shock, according to Wang.

"Unfortunately the best medical intervention for these allergies remains avoiding the foods that cause them," he said. "We don't know why some patients develop such a strong response and why some don't. This is where we as basic scientists are coming in to see if we can use mouse models to learn this, because mice are very much like humans."

Wang and his colleagues suspect that some people are wired genetically to have higher or lower susceptibility to severe IgE-related allergic reactions. Still, it also remains unknown exactly how genetics contributes to these molecular chain reactions.

Just as people with food allergies have different degrees of susceptibility, so do mice. To account for this, the researchers conducted their study in several distinct strains of genetically bred mice. They gave the mice an egg white protein called ovalbumin to trigger allergic reactions and study biological reactions in the animals.

They observed that after allergic sensitization, some mouse strains generated large populations of MMC9 cells while other strains did not. Mice that did not produce MMC9 cells exhibited only minor allergic responses. Mice that produced intestinal MMC9 cells all had severe allergic reactions, regardless of whether they had low or high levels of IgE.

Wang and his colleagues report that production of MMC9 cells required the presence of type-2 CD4+ T helper immune cells and the proteins interlukin-4 and STAT6. By producing significant amounts of IL-9, the MMC9 cells caused mastocytosis and the production of mast cells, which may migrate out of the intestines to other organs as they secrete histamines and other molecules that cause anaphylaxis.

To verify that MMC9 cells were fueling severe allergic reactions in the mice, the researchers treated the mice with an antibody (anti-Fc RImAb), which eliminated the cells and decreased food allergy symptoms. When MMC9 cells were transferred back into the same mice, the animals resumed exhibiting food allergy symptoms.

Researchers next conducted tests to see if their identification of MMC9 cells was relevant to the development of human food allergies. Analyzing small intestine biopsy samples from food allergy patients (who gave authorized consent) the scientists looked for molecular signatures of MMC9 cells. They found significantly increased expression of the Il9 genetic transcript and other related transcripts in the samples of food allergy patients, suggesting a possible connection.

Wang said the researchers are now trying to find the human equivalent (orthologue) of the MMC9 cells they found in their mouse models. One goal the researchers have is to identify that cell and its biological mediators to see if it possible to develop a biomarker that might allow development of a blood test for food allergies. Eventually, Wang said, the team wants to develop a blood test that would allow clinicians to determine which patients are at higher risk for severe food allergies, and to find improved treatments for food allergy.

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Tips for Simple Hair Styling at Home

Beauty attracts everybody. Hair is beauty of women, it attracts everybody. But if hair is beautifully pin up they look more beautiful. Healthy hairs are more beautifully styled so special care should be devoted towards your hair in order to style hair properly. Here are some easy, simple and fast tips and tricks for your hair to style them.

About Your Hair Type:

It is most important thing to know about the hair type of your hair. Hair styling depends upon the health of your hair so use the products that are good for your hair. You can determine that what type of hair you are having like thick, medium and fine. Hair can be wavy, straight, curly, and kinky. After determining the texture and type of your hairs choose the products accordingly. A good hair cut will also add beauty to your hair and as well as to your face.

Quick Hairstyles Tips

Quick Hairstyles Tips

Hair Styling Tips:

Twist hair:

Divide the hair into two sections. Twist the hair from one side than from other side and pin up hair with bobby pins.

Double Side braids:

Side braids is simple styling of hair but looks very nice. Braids small section of hair and pin up it at the side. Take another small section of hair from little below than braid it and pin up it with the previous braid.

Simple side braid:

Part hair on one side. Pull hair to one side and braid it. Secure hair band at the end. Braid will ready.

Quick and simple styling:

• After curling your hair part them on both sides. Brush them than put two bobby pins on both side of your hair.

• Part hair in the middle .Divide them in two equal sections. Twist hair from one side than pin up. Repeat this with other side and pin up simple style will be ready.

• Curl your hair. Divide this into equal parts. Twist them and pin it up. Simple but attractive style is ready.

Messy side pony:

Bring hair in front, the small ones. Take rest of hair at one side and tie them with rubber band in the shape of pony. The messier, the better. It will look good.

French braid:

Divide the hair into two sections. French braid the first section. Repeat this to second section also and then pin it up together.

Braid bun:

Braid your straight hairs .Tuck in end and secure with bobby pins.

Low ponytail:

Part the hair in middle. Pull back into low ponytail and secure. It will suit on all faces.

Vintage curls:

These curls are very simple. Divide the hair in to small sections. Curl them until all head is curled. Twist curls together with your fingers. They will look natural and you will look beautiful.

Small twists in to bun:

Start with hair partition twist one back and pin up with the bobby pin. Then pull the rest of your hair into low messy bun .Pull some hairs from the bun to give a messy look, it will look beautiful.

Three mini twists:

Divide hair into three equal sections. Start with the middle section twist it until it coils into tiny bun. Repeat it with other two other section.

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Barcelona Deserve more Credit from Fans

MADRID: Barcelona boss Luis Enrique launched a staunch defense of his players after they came from behind without the injured Lionel Messi to beat Bayer Leverkusen 2-1 on Tuesday.

Goals in the last 10 minutes from Sergi Roberto and Luis Suarez propelled the European champions to the top of Champions League Group F after Kyriakos Papadopoulos had headed the visitors into a deserved half-time lead.

“It was a difficult night. It was our second game without Leo Messi, the second game without our best player, an irreplaceable player, and it is the second game the team has won,” said Enrique.

“I am very happy for what the players have achieved. They turned around a very difficult game. We can be more precise, but no one can say Barca relax and don't give everything.”

Despite Messi's absence, the Camp Nou crowd was less than patient as boos rang out at the half-time whistle.

Enrique pleaded for more understanding from the club's supporters at a difficult time with a host of young players drafted in to cover a mounting injury crisis.

“I think this team deserves more credit for what they have won recently and how they carry themselves.

“They try until the last minute and if then they deserve to be booed then fine, but we are much stronger in the delicate moments if they support us.

“At 2-1 we didn't need their support; we needed it a 0-1.

“I would like the few people that do boo not to do it because we hear them and we need the support of everyone,” pleaded the Barca boss.

Injury toll

On top of Messi and Brazilian international Rafinha, Barca is set to be without Andres Iniesta for a month after he pulled up with a hamstring injury after an hour.

“It is very sad news for us because he is a fundamental player for us as everyone knows,” added Enrique.

“These are hurdles in our way that we have to overcome and I have confidence in the players that will come in.”

A hectic pre-season tour and three early season clashes with Sevilla and Athletic Bilbao in the UEFA and Spanish Super Cup respectively have been blamed for Barca's raft of injuries.

However, defender Javier Mascherano called on those like Roberto and Munir El Haddadi, who made a significant impact from the bench against Leverkusen, to take their chance in the first team.

“Obviously we are in a difficult situation with a number of important players that are injured.

“That is football and that is why we have a squad to keep going in these moments.

“It is not just 11 or 12 players that win competitions, there are reserves behind and now some of those that wouldn't have had so many minutes will get their chance.

“It is an unusual season. You always have these injuries throughout the season, but after the more serious injuries for Rafinha and Leo is it much more worrying that Andres is now injured too.

“Those of us that are fit need to keep going and know that whilst we win games there is less time left until those important players return,” said the Argentine international.

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How the Brain Encodes Time and Place

This circuit, which connects the hippocampus and a region of the cortex known as entorhinal cortex, separates location and timing into two streams of information. The researchers also identified two populations of neurons in the entorhinal cortex that convey this information, dubbed "ocean cells" and "island cells."

Previous models of memory had suggested that the hippocampus, a brain structure critical for memory formation, separates timing and context information. However, the new study shows that this information is split even before it reaches the hippocampus.

"It suggests that there is a dichotomy of function upstream of the hippocampus," says Chen Sun, an MIT graduate student in brain and cognitive sciences and one of the lead authors of the paper, which appears in the Sept. 23 issue of Neuron. "There is one pathway that feeds temporal information into the hippocampus, and another that feeds contextual representations to the hippocampus."

The paper's other lead author is MIT postdoc Takashi Kitamura. The senior author is Susumu Tonegawa, the Picower Professor of Biology and Neuroscience and director of the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at MIT's Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. Other authors are Picower Institute technical assistant Jared Martin, Stanford University graduate student Lacey Kitch, and Mark Schnitzer, an associate professor of biology and applied physics at Stanford.

When and where

Located just outside the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex relays sensory information from other cortical areas to the hippocampus, where memories are formed. Tonegawa and colleagues identified island and ocean cells a few years ago, and have been working since then to discover their functions.

In 2014, Tonegawa's lab reported that island cells, which form small clusters surrounded by ocean cells, are needed for the brain to form memories linking two events that occur in rapid succession. In the new Neuron study, the team found that ocean cells are required to create representations of a location where an event took place.

"Ocean cells are important for contextual representations," Sun says. "When you're in the library, when you're crossing the street, when you're on the subway, you have different memories associated with each of these contexts."

To discover these functions, the researchers labeled the two cell populations with a fluorescent molecule that lights up when it binds to calcium -- an indication that the neuron is firing. This allowed them to determine which cells were active during tasks requiring mice to discriminate between two different environments, or to link two events in time.

The researchers also used a technique called optogenetics, which allows them to control neuron activity using light, to investigate how the mice's behavior changed when either island cells or ocean cells were silenced.

When they blocked ocean cell activity, the animals were no longer able to associate a certain environment with fear after receiving a foot shock there. Manipulating the island cells, meanwhile, allowed the researchers to lengthen or shorten the time gap between events that could be linked in the mice's memory.

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The Month of Love: February

From the start of February; the cool and smiley breeze give us the welcome note from the spring season. Side by side it is the month of love celebration and happiness. People distribute and share their love and feeling with their love one. The world is running due to the power of love otherwise the difficulties of life destroy a man, it weakens the strength of a man, and it closes the window of mind and kills him. February is consider the month of intimacy, the month of celebration, the month of love and passion, the month of smile, the month of festivity.

From the start of that month, the festivity of Valentine’s Day is start without knowing their history and importance. It is also known as Feast of Saint Valentine, it is begun to celebrate from the Christian saint of Rome Valentinus. He was buried on the Via Flaminia.

In England, people express their love for each other by giving gifts, flower and greeting cards.

In Europe, people express their love and unlock the giver’s heart to giving them heart shape cards, flowers, chocolates, sweets and gifts. In 19th century the hand written techniques are famous in front of your love ones.

In Pakistan, people aware from that terminology in 1990 with different TV programs. Despite that how many people favor that event or not celebration of Valentine’s grabs the viewer’s attention on TV. The shopkeeper get bundle of profit on that day and look happy.

Romance is the communicative and pleasing emotion from an exciting attraction towards another person connected with love. And month of February is connected with romance and happiness of spring.

On that occasion people use some symbols like Cupid which is the God of love. He is portrayed as a son of love Goddess Venus, Heart is used as a symbol of love, Red roses is also used to celebrate Valentine’s Day.

In that month hotels, resorts, beech, parks, party corners, tea cafes, coffee centers and all gathering places are booked for their friends, spouse and partner. And the celebration starts from the 13th February night and on the start of tick 12 o’clock and its 14th February start. Many people planned to become engaged or wed on that special day. History proof on that day $1 billion chocolate are sold and the red color usage is most prominent on that day. Every shop is full of red things on that day. Economy review itself on that type of Days.

We think every month should be full of love, every moment should be full of care and help, every eye should be full of hope, every shoulder should be full of power and energy, every thought should be pure and sincere, every friend shout be a trustful person. We just think and celebrate one day then run away from the scene…..

If you want to share your experience of Valentine’s Day then write and share with us. If you celebrate every day as a Valentines’ day then write to us and tell us about what you think on that celebration.

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Pak-India challenge at UN

WITH Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in New York this week for the 70th UN General Assembly session, there is an opportunity for some serious diplomacy to be undertaken. Unhappily, the one meeting that the world at large would have been hoping for — between Mr. Sharif and his Indian counterpart, Narendra Modi — has not been scheduled, leaving perhaps only room for a scripted handshake.

Instead, the Pakistani prime minister is expected to use the occasion of his address to the UNGA to bring the global community’s attention to tensions along the Line of Control and Working Boundary and the broader Kashmir dispute.

He will have his work cut out for him.

While the outside world has been concerned by the persistent tensions along the LoC and Working Boundary, it is also keen to do a great deal of business with India, be it in terms of trade, investment or military contracts.

Moreover, the US-India Joint Declaration on Combating Terrorism, following the first ever US-India Strategic and Commercial Dialogue, indicated just what a tough sell Pakistan faces: while the two countries specifically called on Pakistan to bring the perpetrators of Mumbai attacks to justice, Kashmir was only mentioned in the context of the militant attack in Udhampur on Aug 5.

Mr. Sharif’s task will be further complicated by the memory of Ufa. The joint statement following the July prime ministerial meeting proved to be a foreign policy debacle and a public relations disaster for the PML-N government.

However, Ufa is not dead and the recent meeting of the directors general of the Pakistan Rangers and the Indian BSF proved that the two sides can in fact get work done.

How then does Mr. Sharif balance the need to put the Kashmir dispute front and center again – as demanded by the hawks domestically and supported by the security establishment – while also keeping the door open to dialogue with a reluctant Mr. Modi?

Thus far the Pakistani prime minister has not given much reason for confidence that he can pull off such a delicate balancing act. What is also disappointing is that there have been few ideas emanating from the political government on how to move the relationship forward.

Where there has been movement, it has seemingly been done in an ad hoc manner and with a view to doing whatever it takes to bring the Indian government around to talking. Ufa epitomised that careless thinking.

If there is to be no forward movement in the bilateral relationship in New York, what next? Foreign Secretary Aizaz Chaudhry has already outlined the substance of Prime Minister Sharif’s speech at the UNGA on Wednesday: reiterating Pakistan’s commitment to regional peace and briefing the world community on the situation along the LoC and Working Boundary.

That though does not suggest there is much thought being given to, for example, resurrecting the cancelled NSA talks or working on the other steps in the Ufa road map. Unless the political leadership shows some initiative, Pak-India ties could be set to drift for a while.

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Mitochondria Play Important role in Human Evolution and Disease

A pioneering scientist in mitochondrial biology, Douglas C. Wallace, synthesizes evidence for the importance of mitochondria in a provocative Perspective article today in the journal Cell.

Residing in large numbers outside the nucleus of every cell, mitochondria contain their own DNA, with unique features that "may require a reassessment of some of our core assumptions about human genetics and evolutionary theory," concludes Wallace, director of the Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

Wallace has investigated mitochondria for more than 40 years. In 1988, he was the first to show that mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can cause inherited human disease. His body of research has focused on how mtDNA mutations contribute to both rare and common diseases by disrupting bioenergetics -- chemical reactions that generate energy at the cellular level.

Wallace and colleagues previously showed in the late 1970s that human mitochondrial DNA is inherited exclusively through the mother. They then used this knowledge to reconstruct the ancient migrations of women by comparing variation in mtDNA among populations throughout the world. From such studies, scientists have concluded that humans arose in Africa about 200,000 years ago and that only two mtDNA lineages successfully left Africa about 65,000 years ago to colonize the rest of the world.

Based on insights from these human migration studies, Wallace takes up a longstanding scientific question raised by Darwinian evolution -- both in humans and other species. As subpopulations moved into isolated areas, how did they remain isolated over a long enough time for new species-defining traits to arise in nuclear genes and become enriched by natural selection to permit speciation?

The vast majority of our 20,000 or so genes exist in the DNA within each cell's nucleus, as distinct from the 13 protein-coding genes inside mtDNA. However, Wallace argues that mtDNA mutations provide faster and more flexible adaptations to changing environments than do nuclear DNA mutations. The mtDNA has a much higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA, which by itself might imperil species survival, because most DNA mutations are deleterious. However, mtDNA mutations alter physiology at the single-cell level. Therefore, cells in the mother's ovary that harbor the most deleterious mtDNA mutations can be eliminated by natural selection prior to fertilization. Thus only mild mtDNA variants, a subset of which may be potentially beneficial, are introduced into the population.

The high mutation rate in mtDNA plus ovarian selection thus provides a powerful tool for humans (and animals) to adapt to an environmental change, without endangering a population's overall survival. Mitochondrial DNA also exchanges signals with nuclear DNA, and the interaction helps drive the evolution of physiological processes over time. Populations that expand into a marginal environmental space, Wallace argues, adapt their physiology through mtDNA mutation to better exploit the limited food sources and other resources in that environment. This permits prolonged occupation of the marginal environment, giving sufficient time for nuclear DNA mutations to generate anatomical structures appropriate for exploiting more abundant food resources in the new environment.

To support this hypothesis, Wallace proposes that mitochondria variation can result in crucial energy tradeoffs. At the cellular level, mitochondria convert oxygen and nutrients to the energy-rich chemical ATP, while also producing heat. In tropical climates, this coupling process is maximally effective, permitting more efficient production of ATP with minimal heat production. In the Arctic, the conversion of food to ATP is less efficient, requiring more calories to be consumed for the same amount of ATP, and this generates more heat. So different patterns of mtDNA variation are likely beneficial in warm versus cold climates. Similarly, certain mtDNA variants are enriched in Tibetan populations, suggesting that mtDNA variation may permit adaptation to the low oxygen tension at high altitude.

Wallace also cites multiple studies that show that regional mtDNA variation correlates with predilection to a wide variety of metabolic and degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

Biologists have long known that adaptations that confer an advantage in one environment can become less beneficial in another environment. Wallace suggests an important contributor to this phenomenon could be the physiological adaptation of mtDNA variation. He postulates that as populations migrate and dietary patterns become globalized, people with mtDNA optimized to one environment, where they eat a sub-Saharan African diet, may not be well adapted to another environment, where they may consume a Central European diet. "Because mitochondria have such a crucial role in our physiology, changes in mitochondrial DNA can have profound effects on human biology," he adds.

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Hematology

Hematology is the study of blood and its components.

Hemopoiesis:

The formation of blood cells is called Hemopoiesis.

The blood consists of a fluid medium, Plasma in which blood cells are suspended. The blood cells are of three types

1.      White blood cells (WBCs)

2.      Red blood cells (RBCs)

3.      Platelets

WBCs are further divided into 3 main groups

1.      Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils)

2.      Monocytes

3.      Lymphocytes

The blood cells are continuously destroyed either by aging or as a result of their functional activities and are replaced by new cells. There is a fine balance between the rates of formation and destruction of these cells.

Sites of blood formation:

Mesoblastic Phase:

In first 19-20 days of embryonic stage, blood cells are formed in the wall of the yolk sac. These cells are mesodermal in origin hence this phase is called Mesoblastic phase. Mesoblastic phase only produces RBCs. The hemoglobin in these RBCs is called Embryonic Hemoglobin.

Hepatic Phase:

The liver is the main site of hemopoiesis in the fetus from 5^th to 30^th week of intra-uterine life. This is termed as hepatic phase. All type of blood cells are produced in later part of this phase .

RBCs produced at this stage are larger than adult RBCs. The RBCs contain hemoglobin at this stage is called fetal hemoglobin.

Medullary Hemopoiesis:

The bone marrow gradually takes over hemopoietic functionfrom the 5^th month until when the bone marrow is the only major site for blood cells formation. Lymphocytes precursors are formed in liver and bone marrow but the main sites for lymphocytes development are spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.

Initially hemopoiesis takes place in the marrow of all bones but after birth it slowly and gradually reduces to get confined to marrow of flat bones and vertebrae.

Origin of blood cells:

All blood cells formed from the undifferentiated primitive cell which resembles a large lymphocyte and is called Plueripotent stem cell or totipotent stem cell.

It gives rise to lineage specific stem cells termed as colony forming units (CFU). The stem cells maintain their numbers by self replication or self renewal. All of this takes place under the influence of certain proteins called hemopoietic growth factors such as Interleukins (IL) and colony stimulating factors (CSF).

Self renewal and cell cycle

Erythropoiesis:

The formation of red blood cells is called as Erythropoiesis. The process of erythropoiesis is characterized by following progressive changes.

1.      Decrease in cell size

2.      Hemoglobinization

3.      Extrusion of the nucleus

Stages of Erythropoiesis

Pronormoblast:

Ø  It is a round cell with a diameter of 12-20u.

Ø  It has a large nucleus surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm

Ø  Cytoplasm is deep blue in color with small ear shaped projections

Ø  The nucleus is round and consist of a network of uniformly distributed chromatin strands, which is reddish purple in color and contain several nucleoli.

Basophilic Normoblast:

Ø  It is 10-16u in diameter

Ø  It has a large nucleus with thick chromatin strands and no nucleoli

Ø  Cytoplasm is basophilic in color

Polychromatic Normoblast:

Ø  It is 8-14u in diameter

Ø  The nucleus occupies a smaller part of the cell and stains deeply

Ø  Hemoglobin synthesis start at this stage which turns cytoplasm into a slight reddish color

Orthochromatic Normoblast:

Ø  It varies in size from 8-10u in diameter

Ø  The cytoplasm is red due to hemoglobinization

Ø  The nucleus is small and appears as deeply staining blue black homogeneous mass called pyknotic in appearance

Ø  It becomes eccentric in position and is finally extruded out from the cell.

Reticulocytes:

Ø  It is a flat disc shaped cell

Ø  It has no nucleus and is slightly larger than mature RBCs

Ø  It has threads of remnants of RNA in cytoplasm which can be visible after staining with supravital stains e.g Brilliant Cresyl Blue stain.

Ø  The reticulocytes becomes a mature RBCs in about 24 hours in circulation

Red Blood Cells:   

Ø  The mature RBC is a non-nucleated cell

Ø  It is a biconcave disc with average diameter of 7.2u

Ø  The cytoplasm is pink-red due to hemoglobin

Ø  Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in RBCs as source of energy

Granulopoiesis

The formation of granulocytes is called as granulopoiesis. The earliest recognizable cell of granulopoiesis is myeloblast. The process of granulopoiesis is characterized by

1.      Change in the size of cell

2.      Maturation and lobulation in nucleus

3.      Production of specific granules in cytoplasm

Myeloblast:

Ø  It has a large round or oval nucleus, which occupies most of the cell and contains 2-4 nucleoli

Ø  The cytoplasm is non-granular and deep blue in color

Promyelocyte:

Ø  It resemble myeloblast but is larger in size

Ø  It has more cytoplasm which contains purplish red granules (azurophilic granules)

Ø  The nucleus still may contain some nucleoli or their remnants

Myelocyte:

Ø  The granules develop their specific character (purplish for neutrophils, orange and large for Eosinophils and Basophilic for basophils)

Ø  Nucleus has no nucleoli

Ø  The diameter of myelocyte  may be upto 25u

Metamyelocyte:

Ø  The nucleus of this cell is small, eccentric and slightly indented

Ø  The cytoplasm contains specific granules

Ø  The cell is smaller in size than myelocyte

Band/Stab Form:

Ø  It is a mature metamyelocyte, which has a band like nucleus, adapted to a U shape

Mature Granulocytes

Neutrophils:

Ø  It is 12-14u in diameter

Ø  The nucleus is lobulated having 2-5 lobes that are connected by thin chromatin strands

Ø  The cytoplasm is pink and contains numerous fine purplish granules

Eosinophils:

Ø  The mature eosinophil is about 16u

Ø  The nucleus usually has two lobes

Ø  The cytoplasm is packed with relatively larger granules which do not overlap the nucleus

Ø  These granules stain reddish orange with Romanowsky stains

Basophils:

Ø  Basophils rarely contain more than two lobes

Ø  The cytoplasm is pink and contain a number of large oval or round deeply stained basophilic granules

Ø  They do not pack the cytoplasm as eosinophils but they overlap the nucleus

Monopoiesis

Monocytes are formed mainly in the bone marrow and migrate to the spleen, lymphoid and other tissues.

Monoblast:

Ø  It is the earliest recognizable cell of the series

Ø  It is a large cell similar in structure to the myeloblast

Pro-Monocyte:

Ø  It is a large cell about 20u in diameter

Ø  It has abundant cytoplasm, gray blue in color and may contain fine azurophilic granules

Ø  The nucleus is usually round or kidney shaped giving folded appearance

Monocyte:

Ø  It is slightly smaller than pro-monocyte

Ø  Its cytoplasm has typical ground glass appearance

Ø  The nucleus is like a band folded upon itself to assume a spherical shape

Lymphopoiesis:

Mature lymphocytes develop mainly in the lymphoid tissue of the body namely lymph nodes, spleen, appendix and tonsils. Bone marrow makes only a smaller contribution to lymphocyte produntion. Colony Forming Unit Lymphoid (CFU-L) probably migrates to lymphoid tissue early in life. The maturation of lymphocyte is characterized by

Ø  Maturation of nucleus and cytoplasm

Ø  Adaptation to their function by expression of specific proteins

Lymphoblast:

Ø  It is the earliest recognizable cell of series

Ø  It measures 15-20u in diameter

Ø  It contains a large, round or oval nucleus

Ø  Nucleoli are present usually 1-2 in number

Ø  The cytoplasm is non-granular and deep blue in color forming a narrow rim around the nucleus

Pro-Lymphocyte:

Ø  It is the next stage in formation of lymphocytes

Ø  Nucleus contains a prominent nucleolus usually centrally placed

Ø  Cytoplasm is variable

Large Lymphocyte:

Ø  It is about 12-16u in diameter

Ø  Cytoplasm is sky blue in color and may contain few granules, which stain purplish red

Ø  The nucleus is slightly indented or round

Ø  Nucleoli are absent

Small Lymphocyte:

Ø  The large lymphocyte matures into small lymphocytes

Ø  It is about 9-12u in diameter

Ø  The cytoplasm is scanty and stains blue

Ø  The nucleus is round or slightly indented

Ø  The size of nucleus is roughly equal to mature normal RBC

Thrombopoiesis

Platelets are formed from the cytoplasm of a large cell in the bone marrow known as megakaryocyte

Megakaryoblast:

Ø  It is a large cell of 20-30 u in diameter

Ø  It has a large, oval or indented nucleus that contain several nucleoli

Ø  The cytoplasm is blue, small in amount and contains no granules

Ø  Cytoplasm may show budding

Pro-Megakaryocyte:

Ø  It is formed from the megakaryoblast

Ø  It is larger than megakaryoblast

Ø  It has deep blue cytoplasm that contains azurophilic (pinkish) granules

Ø  The nucleus is non-lobulated or partly lobulated

Ø  From this stage to onward only nucleus divides while the cell enlarges without division (endomitosis)

Megakaryocyte:

Ø  It is a large cell from 30-90u in diameter

Ø  It contains a single multi-lobulated or indented nucleus

Ø  The cytoplasm is abundant and stains light blue

Ø  It contains fine azurophilic granules

Platelets:

Ø  It is a smaller discoid structure 1-2u in size

Ø  These are formed by partition of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes into numerous structures that separate to form platelets

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